This parallel computing capability is the industry’s first among the current population PK/PD simulators to the best of our knowledge. For instance, parallel computing has recently become available in RxODE via the openmp package. Nlmixr remains under active, intensive development, and exciting features and functionality emerge almost on a daily basis.
A comprehensive collection of nlme algorithms with the UUI marked the first CRAN release of nlmixr in October 2017.
The result is a minimalist, intuitive, expressive, domain-specific population PK/PD modeling language. To reduce the learning curve of population PK/PD modeling, the nlmixr team proposed and implemented a unified user-interface (UUI) across all fitting algorithms in mid-2017. However, due to historic reasons (e.g., nlme’s original user interface) and specific input-output needs, different algorithms in nlmixr had similar but subtly different user interfaces. Nlmixr’s population PK/PD functions are highly optimized and efficient.
Rcode nlme full#
A full production version will soon be completed. In early 2017, a publication on the use of sensitivity equations in first-order conditional estimation with interaction (FOCEi) by Almquist and colleagues was brought to the attention of the nlmixr team, and a proof-of-concept implementation was soon put in place.
Rcode nlme plus#
These population PK/PD functions, plus a number of ancillary functions to aid model building (including support for VPCs, bootstraps and stepwise forward selection of covariates), comprised the functionality of the first public release of nlmixr in October 2016. Structure models can be optionally defined by user-defined ODEs. This function gnlmm() takes an arbitrary user-defined log-likelihood function and hence is able to fit odd types of data like binary data, count data, heavy tail data and bounded clinical endpoints via beta-regression. Since execution of nlmixr’s SAEM is in compiled C++ mode, the speed of the implementation is relatively fast.Ī function for the generalized nonlinear mixed-effect model ( gnlmm) was developed to address project needs.
Rcode nlme code#
The resulting SAEM code is compact and efficient. While maintaining fidelity to the original SAEM algorithm, the nlmixr implementation of SAEM was written from scratch using C++ with many optimizations and re-factorizations in comparison to the original implementation. After the initial success of these functions, stochastic approximation expectation maximization (SAEM) was subsequently added to the nlmixr toolbox. The first attempt was to combine RxODE with the nlme() function in R, resulting in two efficient and useful functions for population PK/PD: nlme_lin_cmpt() and nlme_ode(). Once RxODE was built it was soon recognized that by combining RxODE with a nonlinear mixed-effect model (NLME) estimation tool, one greatly expands an existing NLME tool to include fitting a population PK/PD model described by a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and by allowing complex and arbitrary dosing history. The interesting part about nlmixr is that it is open-source and the entire workflow of modeling can be done solely in R! The nlmixr R package was developed for fitting general dynamic models, pharmacokinetic (PK) models and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models in particular, with either individual data or population data.
Rcode nlme software#
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